What is forensic science?

Forensic science is unity of the three applications of medical knowledge applied to solving evil, over recent eld forensics has create more advanced and better technology utilise to assist in criminal cases. Forensics alone is not a rubber to crime exactly can be seen as a hindrance to criminal activity. Un slight criminals become clever and become forensically aw be(p), it would be impossible to leave some trace license at a crime scene.Forensics is not only just about finding the perpetrator(s) of a crime only when can also be used to prove a persons innocence using deoxyribonucleic acid and forensic render. Im sure those who have suffered a mis-carriage of justice fully appreciate being cleared of a crime they didnt commit thanks to the use of DNA and early(a) forensic techniques.Forensics used in conjunction with policing can provide vital read on with eyewitness statements, alibis etc to provide prosecution teams with the necessary evidence to convict.Collating in formation obtained from other crime scenes and producing a database for interbreeding-reference is a major break-through. This allows police and other agencies to canvass similar cases and possibly find links to previous unsolved cases. All the information is collected and placed on various databases stored for future reference.A forensic investigator must be impartial and assume no one is wrong-doingy unless the evidence states otherwise. They are not thither to find the assailant but to collate any evidence from a crime scene, which is vital to naming the perpetrator.It certainly is a tool most useful in crime bar and detection and in eon will save the police a lot of time on cases trying to piece together all the evidence when specialist forensic teams can speed up this process through experience and knowledge. In turn moving on to other cases, spending less time on each case but still providing the same outcome. More cases solved, criminals will no doubt think twice about c rime unless they want to get caught.With the help of the police and a pathologist (a scientist who is skilled in identifying the cause and progress of diseases by examining tissue and fluid from the body.Especially one who determines the cause of someones death by conducting an autopsy), together they investigate the cause of death with suspicious circumstances.The forensic scientist assists the pathologist by determining the blood type, DNA profile, identifying other samples such as hair, fibres, semen, and any other substances found on the body, which may have been deposited by the assailant. All evidence collected is vital in proving guilt or innocence.Other forms of forensic identification include* Fingerprints scraping debris from under the nail beds can sometimes contain relevant DNA.* DNA DNA can be collected from blood samples or blood spatter and compared to the national DNA database where matches can be found.* Forensic Odontology from teeth attach and bites, matches c an be found through dental records or identification can be made from moulds made of teeth if no identity is known.* facial Recognition system this is identifying person(s) from photographs or video footage. By analysing specific actions i.e. style of walk.* Voice Recognition if audio recording available, this can be analysed and compared to other vocalization samples for comparison.* Handwriting Analysis by studying styles of writing, loops, height of letters etc it can be established if a signature is fake or real.* Ballistics summary identifying weapons used from bullet cartridges found, and looking for unusual markings that can tie a bullet to a particular weapon. Markings found on shell casings are give care fingerprints but in the ballistics world, each weapon fired leaves distinctive markings.* Document Analysis characterising the composition of the type of radical used and ink. The age of the paper can be established and the manufacturer.* Typewriters the type can be set by minor variations to the positioning and wear and each letter.* Paper shredders unless a cross shredder is used it is easy to piece together relevant documents for information.* Copiers computer printers each have an identification number, which is embedded on printouts. Also computer printers have an somebody banding pattern, which helps to identify a particular machine used to print a document.* Network Analysis this involves using bank records, telephone records and postal records to go off financial status and/or phone records to trace last phone numbers called or retrieve vital messages.* Radio Transceivers can be identified by minute variations of their output signal.* CCTV this is very useful as CCTV has been used in most major town centres and known hot spots where there is trouble. CCTV has been used to solve a number or valuable cases and is also useful in identifying automatic number plates recognition as it is linked to the DVLA database.* electronic com puter Analysis identification can be made via an IP address or MAC address.Using criminal psychology that uses psychological theories and methods of understanding, explaining and predicting criminal deportment can assist the police in determining an assailants guilt or innocence. By examining their motivation and extreme behavioural habits they can assess the complexity and rigor of what they are dealing with. Criminal psychologists do not work on the understanding that a person is solely driven by inner thoughts or ideas or controlled by other means. Mostly they concentrate on the supposition of experience and learning as the primary(prenominal) principle to explain their actions and accepting that their mixer conditions, unconscious motivations and their biological pre-dispositions are all factors.Many still pursue research into the guess of genetics relating to human behaviour. Is it possible that our genetic make-up is liable in some instruction for our behaviour? It ha s been found that psychopaths have an extra Y chromosome instead of having the XY chromosome they have XYY, but this is not conclusive.Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) looked at the theory of analytic thinking arguing that unconscious forces drive behaviour and criminal behaviour is the result of these unresolved conflicts. He states that the force of the ID (the instinctive part of the forefront) is not sufficiently controlled by the self (the mediator between our desires and prohibitions of the superego, the area that controls our impulses).This is why he based all his theories on crime being a psychic rather than conservative need. Freud originally tried to explain his workings of the mind in terms of physiology and neurology thinking as a scientist would.Freuds methods of psychoanalysis were based on his theory that people have repressed, hidden feelings. The psychoanalysts goal is to make the patient aware of these subconscious feelings.Childhood conflicts that are hidden away(pr edicate) by the patient become revealed to both the analyst and the patient, allowing the patient to live a less anxious, healthier life.Methods of hypnosis were originally used by Freud to find the cause for anxiety, but he pink-slipped them as being too inaccurate. He started to use methods of free association to delve into the patients sub-conscious. By assessing the patients reactions to the analysts suggestions, Freud saw that the analyst could help the patient become consciously aware of his repressed childhood conflicts and impulses.By interpreting the patients dreams, the analyst can provide an insight into the patients conflicts as well. The therapists interpretations of the patients free associations and dreams are known as psychoanalysis.Freuds theory of psychoanalysis, however, does have its problems. One of its drawbacks is that it is based on the assumption that repressed conflicts and impulses do in fact exist. Today this assumption is being challenged, and is provok ing intense debate.Freud starting signal essential these methods of psychoanalysis when he met with patients whose disorders did not make neurological sense. A patient, for example, may have suddenly gone blind. The problem is that there is no deadening to either of his eyes. Freud began to wonder if this disorder index be psychological rather than physiological.A patient not wanting to see something that aroused anxiety might have caused his own blindness, he hypothesized. In order to find out what the anxiety stemmed from, he used methods of free association where the patient would tell apart whatever came into his mind. Through the slips made when the patient was told to carry out the free-association process, and some of the patients beliefs and habits, Freud could delve into the patients subconscious.These thoughts produced a chain directly into the patients subconscious, and unearthed memories and feelings. This process soon became known as psychoanalysis. Freud also cal l upd that dreams were an important way of getting into the patients subconscious. By analyzing dreams, he could reveal the basis of conflict within the patient.Freud believed the mind was made up of three main parts the conscious, the preconscious, and the subconscious. The conscious region is the part that people are most aware of and what others can see. The preconscious region holds thoughts and feelings that a person can become aware of but that are mostly hidden away.Finally, the subconscious region consists of thoughts and feelings which are completely hidden away and which one is mostly unaware of. Some believe that the preconscious region is really a small part of the much larger subconscious region. Freud said that the mind is like an iceberg, with most of it, the subconscious, hidden away, and only a small part, the conscious, showing above the water, able to be seen.Why, then, would the majority of the mind be hidden why is the subconscious region so much larger than th e conscious region? Freud explained that the answer is that one forcibly blocks thoughts and feelings that he does not want others to become aware of. Although the person is not fully aware of these feelings, he still expresses them in disguise through the way he makes his choices. Using psychoanalytic methods, Freud was able, he said, to learn what feelings the patient had blocked and hidden in his subconscious.Freud developed one of his most famous theories of the mind when he realized the source of conflict in a person. He theorized that there were three interacting systems within the mind the id, ego, and superego. The id is the largest part of the unconscious, and operates mainly on the need to gain pleasure and satisfaction. The ego can be seen as the moderator between the id and superego. Finally, the superego is the region of the mind that is mostly conscious. The superego forces the ego to consider the most ideal way of dealing with a problem. It is made up of morals, value s, and cultures influence on a person. The superegos demands are very much irrelevant to those of the id, and it is the ego that must struggle to balance the ideas of the two. To live in a society one must be able to control the sexual impulses of the id.The grow of the anxiety in most of Freuds patients, he discovered, had usually come from conflicts that they had been subject to in early childhood. He concluded that in a growing child, the id begins to emphasis on certain pleasure-seeking areas of the body. These areas Freud called the erogenous zones.So it seems that using a combination of forensic techniques, psychoanalysis and criminal profiling, together this makes a more accurate way to crime solving than just plain policing.As crimes become more creative in some cases, police and forensics need to have the means to coiffure and cope with the never-ending original scenarios. So as some criminals become more creative and aware of new technologies with forensics, so must th e forensic teams take in they are always one step ahead when it comes to analysing evidence and finding improved techniques and use technology to enhance an ever-increasing field.It has been suggested by many that maternal wishing is a factor in producing criminals. Being deprived of any attachments and bonding create emotionless and non-affectionate individuals. Child-rearing techniques is an important area of research and seen as a preventative towards breeding more criminals.Forensics may be seen as a preventative in todays society because it has become so vast that virtually anything can be analysed and identified by scientists. Ensuring you dont leave any form of physical evidence at a crime scene is not impossible to get away with crime, but you would either have to have extensive knowledge of forensic science or be very meticulous or take time and a lot of preparation to ensure no DNA or trace evidence is left at the crime scene. Im sure there are those that feel it is poss ible to create the perfect crime and never be caught, as we know some crimes remain unsolved due to lack of evidence or witnesses not reliable enough.